The Causes of the Downfall of Communism

Communism gained a strong foothold in the world during the first half of the 20th century, with one-third of the worlds population living under some form of communism by the 1970s. However, just a decade later, many of the major communist governments around the world toppled. What brought about this collapse? The First Cracks in the Wall By the time Joseph Stalin died in March of 1953, the Soviet Union had emerged as a major industrial power. Despite the reign of terror that defined Stalin’s regime, his death was mourned by thousands of Russians and brought about a general sense of uncertainty about the future of the Communist state. Soon following Stalin’s death, a power struggle ensued for leadership of the Soviet Union. Nikita Khrushchev eventually emerged the victor but the instability that had preceded his ascent to the premiership had emboldened some anti-Communists within the eastern European satellite states. Uprisings in both Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia were quickly quelled but one of the most significant uprisings occurred in East Germany. In June of 1953, workers in East Berlin staged a strike over conditions in the country that soon spread to the rest of the nation. The strike was quickly crushed by East German and Soviet military forces and sent a strong message that any dissent against Communist rule would be dealt with harshly. Nevertheless, unrest continued to spread throughout Eastern Europe and hit a crescendo in 1956, when both Hungary and Poland saw massive demonstrations against Communist rule and Soviet influence. Soviet forces invaded Hungary in November of 1956 to crush what was now being called the Hungarian Revolution. Scores of Hungarians died as a result of the invasion, sending waves of concern throughout the western world. For the time being, the military actions seemed to have put a damper on anti-Communist activity. Just a few decades later, it would start again. The Solidarity Movement The 1980s would see the emergence of another phenomenon that would ultimately chip away at the Soviet Union’s power and influence. The Solidarity movement—championed by the Polish activist Lech Walesa—emerged as a reaction to policies introduced by the Polish Communist Party in 1980. In April 1980, Poland decided to curb food subsidies, which had been a life-line for many Poles suffering through economic difficulties. Polish shipyard workers in the city of Gdansk decided to organize a strike when petitions for wage-increases were denied. The strike quickly spread across the country, with factory workers all over Poland voting to stand in solidarity with the workers in Gdansk. Strikes continued for the next 15 months, with negotiations ongoing between the leaders of Solidarity and the Polish Communist regime. Finally, in October of 1982, the Polish government decided to order full martial law, which saw an end to the Solidarity movement. Despite its ultimate failure, the movement saw a foreshadowing of the end of Communism in Eastern Europe.   Gorbachev In March of 1985, the Soviet Union gained a new leader -- Mikhail Gorbachev. Gorbachev was young, forward-thinking, and reform-minded. He knew the Soviet Union faced many internal problems, not the least of which was an economic downturn and a general sense of discontentment with Communism. He wanted to introduce a broad policy of economic restructuring, which he called perestroika. However, Gorbachev knew that the regime’s powerful bureaucrats had often stood in the way of economic reform in the past. He needed to get the people on his side to put pressure on the bureaucrats and thus introduced two new policies: glasnost (meaning ‘openness’) and demokratizatsiya (democratization). They were intended to encourage ordinary Russian citizens to openly voice their concern and unhappiness with the regime. Gorbachev hoped the policies would encourage people to speak out against the central government and thus put pressure on the bureaucrats to approve his intended economic reforms. The policies had their intended effect but soon got out of control. When Russians realized that Gorbachev would not crack down on their newly won freedom of expression, their complaints went far beyond mere discontentment with the regime and the bureaucracy. The whole concept of communism—its history, ideology, and effectiveness as a system of government—came up for debate. These democratization policies made Gorbachev extremely popular both in Russia and abroad. Falling Like Dominoes When people all across Communist Eastern Europe got wind that the Russians would do little to quell dissent, they began to challenge their own regimes and work to develop pluralist systems in their countries. One by one, like dominoes, Eastern Europe’s Communist regimes began to topple. The wave started with Hungary and Poland in 1989 and soon spread to Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania. East Germany, too, was rocked by nation-wide demonstrations that eventually led the regime there to allow its citizens to travel once more to the West. Scores of people crossed the border and both East and West Berliners (who had not had contact in almost 30 years) gathered around the Berlin Wall, dismembering it bit by bit with pickaxes and other tools. The East German government was unable to hold onto power and the reunification of Germany occurred soon after, in 1990. One year later, in December of 1991, the Soviet Union disintegrated and ceased to exist. It was the final death knell of the Cold War and marked an end of Communism in Europe, where it had first been established 74 years prior. Although Communism has nearly died out, there are still five countries that remain Communist: China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam.

The Death Of Physician Assisted Suicide - 1731 Words

Die With Dignity It is obvious this is a very controversial issue that is discussed daily by those who wish to die to avoid loss of dignity and also by those who think it could be immoral. For physician-assisted suicide to even be considered the patient must be of sound mind when they are requesting the physician-assisted suicide. To guarantee that the process is carried out correctly a doctor or a witness should be there to prove consciousness. The patient must be diagnosed with a terminal illness, if they are not then there is a possibility for a life. There are many pro’s and con’s to physician-assisted suicide. If a person is terminally ill they would not be in any suffering and they could die with dignity. It is also proven that hospitals would save money, and it could possibly cut some of the deficit. Although it sounds immoral, having a terminally ill person in the family can create many problems, so in this case it would be positive because there would be no more burden. It is q uite possible that passing this law would create a damper on the low income and middle class. For many it goes against the separation of church and state, because many believe that dying that way is a sin. It is very possible that miracle cures will arise shortly after a person has partaken in the physician-assisted suicide. In all reality, the government insurance companies and hospitals will want to force this process because it would save them a great deal of money in the long run.Show MoreRelatedPhysician Assisted Death And Assisted Suicide Essay1114 Words   |  5 Pages Physician assisted death is a physician aiding in a patient’s death by prescribing a lethal dosage or informing a patient on a lethal amount of medication. This is not a new phenomenon, over the ages of medicine physicians have been asked by patients to end their suffering. More than half of physicians in today’s society have been asked in some form of way to participate in physician assisted death. People should be able to choose rather or not to end their life through terminal illness or inRead MoreThe Death Of Physician Assisted Suicide1991 Words   |  8 PagesOne cannot refuse death. Physician aid-in-death, however, has been targeted for ages by religious groups or those who strictly believe in only prolonging life as a negative thing. Although such reasons are valid, they do not take into consideration the patient s direct wish, feelings, or foresight of how they believe their life will be. Death should be a basic right; same as Physician-Assisted Suicide should be available as an option for those who are mentally competent and terminally ill, or believeRead MoreThe Death Of Physician Assisted Suicide1348 Words   |  6 Pagesleads to suicide. Depression and anxiety is a disease that takes over human-beings self-determination. Many young individuals reach the point of believing the concept of if they were no longer alive the world they are associated in will no l onger be dark and evil. Also, older individuals believe if they take their own life then they will not suffer anymore. Recently in some states, they passed the right to have physician’s helping with planning their client’s death. Physician assisted suicide meansRead MoreThe Death With Dignity And Physician Assisted Suicide1742 Words   |  7 Pagessupporting â€Å"Death with Dignity†, also known as physician-assisted suicide. Oregon, Washington, and Vermont have each enacted laws that enable a terminally ill, mentally competent, adult to decide and dictate end of life decisions up to and including the time of their death. Oregon was the first United States (U.S.) to enact legislation and other states in the union have followed suit. Literature Review There are numerous articles regarding Death with Dignity and Physician-Assisted Suicide. Friend (2011)Read MoreLEGALIZATION OF ASSISTED SUICIDE IN THE U.S. Currently, physician-assisted suicide or death is2900 Words   |  12 PagesLEGALIZATION OF ASSISTED SUICIDE IN THE U.S. Currently, physician-assisted suicide or death is illegal in all states except Oregon, Vermont, Montana and Washington. Present law in other states express that suicide is not a crime, but assisting in suicide is. Supporters of legislation legalizing assisted suicide claim that the moral right to life should encompass the right to voluntary death. Opponents of assisted suicide claim that society has a moral and civic duty to preserve the lives of innocentRead MoreA Case On Proactive Death Such As Physician Assisted Suicide763 Words   |  4 PagesThis essay will reveal different case studies on proactive death such as physician-assisted suicide, pro-life principles to natural death emphasis on life at conception and the circumstances under which proactive efforts are permissible. 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Dying is the last important, intimate, and personal momentRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide : A Matter Of Life And Death Essay1936 Words   |  8 PagesThere has long been a debate over the topic of physician assisted suicide as an option for end of life. Several countries and states have passed legislation over the last few years that allows physician assisted suicide to have a form of legality therefore giving these terminal patients more autonomy in deciding what end of life care options they can choose. While it is not up to us as healthcare providers to decide for patients what they should or should not do pertaining to end of life care, itRead More The Death With Dignity Act and Physician Assisted Suicide Essay1312 Words   |  6 PagesThe Death With Dignity Act and Physician Assisted Suicide Introduction According to the American Medical Association (1996), physician-assisted suicide (PAS) occurs when a physician facilitates a patient’s death by providing either the means or the information necessary to aid in the patient performing the life-ending act. PAS has had a long and controversial history dating back to the ancient Greeks and Romans. They believed that there was no reason to prolong life if continued pain and sufferingRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide : Controversial Healthcare And Political Realms Alike1218 Words   |  5 Pages Physician-Assisted Suicide Elissa Munoz-Tucker University of Arizona Abstract Physician-assisted suicide is controversial in healthcare and political realms alike. Currently, this end-of-life option is practiced in five states within the United States. Social concerns regarding assisted suicide revolve around ethical quandaries; providing the means to a patient’s death is contradictory to ethical principles of healthcare providers. Political concerns surrounding

Thorn Queen Chapter Thirteen Free Essays

Ysabel couldn’t be coaxed out of her room, no matter how hard I tried. I even sent Shaya to do it, seeing as she tended to be a bit more personable than I was. No luck. We will write a custom essay sample on Thorn Queen Chapter Thirteen or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ysabel remained firmly entrenched and would only ramble over and over about how she was going to tell her lord about me and escape this accursed place. Evening wore on, and I couldn’t drag myself back to Tucson. My feelings were in turmoil. I’d never expected to feel guilty about anything pertaining to Ysabel, but there it was. And as more time passed, I didn’t just feel bad about inadvertently suffocating her. As soon as I’d realized what I had done, I knew I had to cease practicing this kind of magic immediately. Storm King had used it to kill his enemies in horrible ways. Kiyo had warned that delving further and further into my powers would put me on a path I might not be able to turn away from. And yet†¦that was the problem. I knew I had to stop†¦but I didn’t want to. Sure, I didn’t want to learn air magic to kill. But after touching that power†¦I couldn’t stop thinking about it. I found my mind spinning, analyzing the air around me and how easy it would be to manipulate it. What had started as a seemingly small lesson from Ysabel was quickly moving into larger and larger implications as I grasped more of air’s patterns and how it worked. It was like I didn’t even need a teacher. My own nature and pull toward magic was running away and creating its own lessons. My conflicted ruminations were interrupted when a letter arrived via the Otherworld’s equivalent of the Pony Express. It was from Leith. As I’d suspected, he’d devoured the engineering books. What I hadn’t expected was that he’d already developed a plan for how to implement some of the irrigation systems and was going to accompany some workers out to Westoria in the morning to get started-unless I had any objections, of course. If I didn’t, then he would be honored if I would come out to meet them. He also added in his letter that he had investigated the towns near the Yellow River crossroads. None of them had any reports of missing girls. It figured, I thought. I either had enough bad luck to be the only monarch with runaway girls-or I possibly had an enemy specifically targeting me. Considering the number of gentry who resented my rule, the latter wouldn’t have surprised me. Regardless, I decided I had to go out to see Leith tomorrow. Even if it was just an elaborate attempt to woo me, he was still going to an awful lot of trouble with this. Plus, I hoped that if I spent the night here, Ysabel might finally emerge. So, I stayed over, giving me the opportunity to meditate with the land. While I noticed no ostensible difference in the morning, there was a strange, intangible feel to it†¦. It seemed healthier. Like always, I couldn’t exactly articulate why. Perhaps most disturbing of all, I found that staying over wasn’t quite the agonizing ordeal it used to be. I was preparing to head out to see Leith when a guard announced that a rider was approaching. I wondered if it was a messenger-or possibly Leith himself. Instead, it was someone quite unexpected. Dorian. The castle servants fell all over themselves to welcome the Oak King, and he swept inside as though perfectly entitled to it. Which, I guessed, he was. Nonetheless, I had no time for his antics today and greeted him with hands on my hips. â€Å"Not today, Dorian. I have things to do.† â€Å"As do I,† he said. He had that typically laconic tone to his voice, but there was an oddly serious-and impatient-look in his eyes. It was not an expression I’d seen very often. â€Å"I’ve come to see my subject. I knew you wouldn’t welcome her with open arms, but honestly, my dear, your attempts at murder shock even me-no small feat.† My jaw nearly dropped to the floor, both because of his assumption and the fact that she’d somehow gotten a message out to him. â€Å"Wha-? Dorian, it’s not true! It was an accident. I didn’t realize what I was doing.† â€Å"May I see her?† he asked, not acknowledging my plea. I could hardly deny him that, and he hurried off to her room without another word. She admitted him-no surprise there-and I found myself pacing the entire time they were together. It had been bad enough that Ysabel had thought me capable of assault. But somehow†¦the idea of Dorian thinking badly of me? Well, it struck me harder. I shouldn’t have cared what he thought-God knew I was mad at him more often than not. Yet, I realized that deep inside I wanted his good opinion. I felt sick to my stomach that I might have lost it. When he emerged, his face was still serious. â€Å"I believe I have convinced her that your intentions weren’t murderous.† I sagged in relief-more, I think, because he appeared to believe me. â€Å"Thank you.† â€Å"The question now is: do you want her to stay?† â€Å"Will she?† I asked, startled. â€Å"She obeys me,† he said simply. â€Å"She’ll stay and continue to teach if I tell her to.† â€Å"I don’t want anyone here against their will†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I’ve assured her of her safety. She won’t live in-much-fear of you. So, that’s no longer the issue. The issue instead is if you want to continue with her teachings.† â€Å"I can’t-not after†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I stopped, realizing I was unsure of the words leaving my lips. I didn’t want to be like Storm King. I didn’t want a natural affinity for learning ways to kill people. And yet†¦I couldn’t stop thinking about the way I’d felt wielding that kind of power. Controlling water had given me a rush; air had doubled it. Dorian’s gold-green eyes were watching me very carefully. â€Å"I see,† he said. â€Å"Then I’ll tell her she’ll be staying a little longer.† I started to protest but couldn’t. He returned to her, stayed a few more minutes, and then joined me in my parlor where I had resumed pacing. â€Å"Well, then,† he said briskly, â€Å"that is that.† The grim set to his face was gone, and I found myself grateful to see the return of his usual mien. â€Å"I noticed you were about to leave. Off to free humans from your subjects?† â€Å"Off to free my subjects from me.† I explained my task, and his features lit up with interest. â€Å"How convenient that I’ll be traveling in the same direction. Unless you’d like me to wait here until you return?† No, the last thing I wanted was to encourage Dorian to make himself at home in my castle. So, I grudgingly conceded that he could go with me, partly because I still felt guilty and grateful over his intervention in the Ysabel incident. One bright side to him being with me was that Rurik decided I didn’t need an entire retinue for the trip. He alone accompanied us, and I wondered idly how Dorian managed to go wherever he wanted without an entourage. I didn’t like to think he was a more authoritative ruler than me. â€Å"Don’t give me a hard time about this air thing,† I warned. â€Å"I don’t want any spiels about how I’m embracing my heritage and approaching my destiny.† Dorian smiled, eyes on the road ahead of us. â€Å"I don’t need to tell you things you already know.† â€Å"Of course†¦I suppose if I did get a better grip on my magic, I might be able to get rid of those fucking fire demons.† â€Å"You see? I told you I don’t need to say anything. You’re finding ways to rationalize your use of magic all on your own.† â€Å"Hey, this is a serious threat. You can’t tell me you’d be all casual if you had demons running loose in your kingdom.† I frowned. â€Å"Or would you? I got the impression a lot of rulers don’t bother themselves with that kind of thing.† Dorian’s eyes took on that serious glint again, despite the small smile on his face. â€Å"Aeson didn’t bother. Don’t generalize to all of us. You know better. If I had demons in my land, I’d lead a group out myself to obliterate them.† I wondered if Dorian could. My potential power might be greater than his, but at the moment, his control and skill made him a more dangerous force than me. A ruler in the Otherworld had to be powerful, or else the land wouldn’t accept them. It was a wonder I’d been found worthy. â€Å"Do you want me to help you?† he asked when I remained silent. â€Å"I’ll go with you the next time you strike.† â€Å"What would that cost me?† I asked with an eye roll. â€Å"Why do you assume everything I do has an ulterior motive? Isn’t it enough I’d want to help you?† â€Å"I don’t know,† I said, not liking how his words made me feel bad. Was I attributing more insidious motives to him than he deserved? â€Å"I don’t trust anyone around here.† Westoria was looming in the distance. â€Å"I don’t even trust Leith’s engineering generosity. He’s not doing this for the sake of trade.† Dorian’s eyes lifted to the approaching village. â€Å"That,† he said, â€Å"we can both agree on. No matter how much you beat yourself up over those demons, you have more than enough strength to bind the land to you.† I hated his uncanny ability to guess my thoughts. â€Å"When Katrice dies, the Rowan Land will either pass in entirety to someone with the power to control it, or it will divide itself and be subsumed into other kingdoms.† â€Å"Shaya said the same thing-and that Leith thinks being hooked up with me would help keep it in the family.† I shook my head. â€Å"One land’s bad enough. I don’t have the power to control two.† â€Å"You’d be surprised,† he said ominously. Our arrival was greeted with the same wonder and awe I’d had before the demon incident. Apparently, yesterday’s food shipments and Leith’s presence today had reestablished my awesome reputation. Dorian seemed to have an effect as well. As we dismounted and walked through the village, the residents’ eyes followed both of us, filled with admiration and wonder. Glancing at Dorian, I could understand their feelings. He strode through the dusty town just as he had my castle, confident and majestic, even after a hot and wearying ride. He looked like, well, a king, and even I couldn’t help but admire his good looks. Beside him, I felt frumpy and insignificant. Then, I tried to pull back out of my glum thoughts and imagine what we must look like to these people, both of us tall and red-haired. We looked good together, I knew. I was in jeans, but I’d cleaned up this morning, and my hair was down. Out of the corner of my eye, I could see where the sun lit it up, giving the red a golden hue that complemented Dorian’s truer red. My tank top was blue, a good color for me, and I had on my usual gemstone jewelry. Perhaps most importantly, we carried our titles as king and queen, and to these people, I realized we were probably the equivalent of a Hollywood couple on the red carpet. â€Å"Your majesty! I’m so glad you could-† Leith had come running up to us and came to a total standstill when he saw Dorian. After a few stunned moments, he made a polite bow to the Oak King. â€Å"Your majesty. Also a pleasure.† I could tell Dorian was delighted to have ruined Leith’s plans for a romantic interlude. â€Å"Well, I hated to part from Eugenie this morning, so I thought I’d come along and see what’s new.† I had to restrain myself from elbowing him. His wording implied that we’d woken up together. Our former relationship was no secret, and Dorian had pitched his words loudly, so that some of the gathered villagers would hear. No doubt this would be all over the Otherworld by tonight. Leith looked even more dismayed than before, and I tried to smooth things over. â€Å"Why don’t you show us the project?† I asked him. â€Å"I don’t think I can thank you enough for what you’ve done.† Leith brightened and eagerly led us forward. As we walked, Dorian murmured in my ear, â€Å"Believe me, he’s more than sure you could thank him enough.† â€Å"How come you can allegedly do things for me without ulterior motives but no one else can?† I hissed back. Dorian only grinned as Leith headed toward the village’s edge and showed us his handiwork. There was little to see of his irrigation system at this point. Mostly people were digging and laying out the foundation. Leith did his best to explain what it would develop into and even showed us blueprints-quaintly written on parchment. I followed them a little but could tell they were gibberish to Dorian, despite his polite and confident smile. Zealous or not, a prince of the Rowan Land was not about to do manual labor, and once the tour was done, he sat down with Dorian and me at the mayor’s house. Davros seemed only too happy to keep offering his home as my hangout and eagerly served us wine before leaving his esteemed guests to discuss whatever it was royalty talked about. â€Å"This is only the beginning of what we can do,† Leith said, positioning himself so that Dorian wasn’t in his line of sight. â€Å"I’d love to come visit and discuss more ways to work through this. I’ve got some ideas on how to construct buildings that will reflect light better. Have you ever considered redesigning your castle?† â€Å"Yikes,† I said. â€Å"No. That’d be a big feat.† â€Å"Not as big as you think. Not with the right help.† I shook my head with a smile. â€Å"Let’s just focus on the people first.† Leith smiled back. â€Å"Sure. But I will come by some day to show you some palace ideas-just in case you change your mind. Or, better yet, you should come visit us. Mother would love to show you the hospitality of the Rowan Land.† â€Å"Or, better yet, you should throw the Thorn Queen a party,† said Dorian, deadpan. â€Å"I’m sure she would love it.† This time, I did elbow Dorian. Leith didn’t notice. Dorian knew perfectly well I dreaded Otherworldly social events-particularly when the focus was on me. â€Å"Really,† I began. â€Å"That’s not-â€Å" â€Å"Of course!† said Leith. â€Å"We haven’t had a grand ball in quite a while. We could invite hundreds of people†¦.† I decided then that elbowing wasn’t severe enough. It was with great restraint that I didn’t actually kick Dorian. He placed his own elbow on the table, resting his chin in his hand, appearing quite entertained. â€Å"You’d have to outdo Maiwenn’s party, to truly show Eugenie honor,† said Dorian. â€Å"That’s going to be hard to do. Of course, Maiwenn has an unfair advantage with her maternal glow, eh? Eugenie was just telling me on the way here how all this baby talk is kindling longings of her own.† I choked on my wine. â€Å"I love children too,† Leith told me. â€Å"I can’t wait to have some-once I find the right woman.† I was spared more of this when one of Leith’s workers came in, anxious over some mishap. Leith looked devastated at the thought of abandoning me-and also embarrassed over me witnessing a flaw in his grand plans. â€Å"I’m sorry,† he said. â€Å"I hate to leave you. I’m sure this will only take a moment.† â€Å"Actually,† I said, rising. â€Å"We should probably get going as well.† â€Å"Must you?† he asked, face falling further. â€Å"I’m sure I’ll see you soon.† â€Å"Yes,† agreed Dorian. â€Å"You should get moving on that ball. Or maybe I should just throw one for her†¦.† Leith totally fell for the baiting. â€Å"No, no. I would be more than honored to.† He swept me a bow, and I let him kiss my hand. â€Å"I’ll have news for you soon, I promise.† I smiled and expressed my thanks and allowed him to kiss my hand again when he insisted. As soon as he was gone, I turned on Dorian. â€Å"Are you trying to push me into his arms or away?† â€Å"Ironically, doing one causes the other.† He stretched and stifled a yawn. â€Å"Were you telling the truth? Are you ready to leave?† â€Å"Yeah, I think so-â€Å" â€Å"Your majesty?† Davros stuck his head into the room, wearing his usual apologetic look. His eyes flicked nervously from Dorian to me. â€Å"I’m so sorry to bother you†¦I know you must be busy and†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"What is it?† â€Å"She’s been found, your majesty. The missing girl? Her parents tracked her down last night but were afraid to tell you†¦she seemed so distraught. I only just found out myself. I told them you’d want to know-â€Å" â€Å"Of course, I do.† I was already moving toward the door, Dorian fast on my heels. â€Å"Where are they?† Still bobbing his head in obeisance, Davros hastily led us to a small home on the opposite side from Leith’s construction. He beat impatiently on the door. â€Å"Open up! The queen is here.† Almost a minute passed before the door opened. The woman who had accosted me on my first visit peered out, eyes wide. â€Å"Your majesty,† she said humbly, inclining her head. She didn’t seem to recognize Dorian. â€Å"We-we didn’t know you were here.† â€Å"I want to see her,† I said impatiently. â€Å"Let me talk to her.† The woman hesitated, fearful of me but also fearful of something else, apparently. Davros was undeterred. â€Å"This is the Thorn Queen! Let her in.† With a gulp, the woman stepped aside. I found myself in a small but clean cottage, dimly lit thanks to all the curtains being drawn, though all the windows were open to allow a breeze. The woman’s husband met us as we walked through the kitchen, his face pale and afraid. â€Å"Your majesty†¦forgive us. We were afraid to tell you. We were afraid she’d run away again.† â€Å"I’m not going to hurt her. I just want to talk to her.† It was a bit depressing, between Ysabel and this family, knowing everyone was terrified of me. Ironically, before I’d known about my gentry heritage, I’d been proud of the fear I inflicted on Otherworldly inhabitants. â€Å"Please take me to her.† I felt Dorian’s hand on my shoulder and his breath warm against my ear as he whispered, â€Å"You do not need to say please.† With a quick exchange of looks, the couple led us to the back of the cottage, into a tiny bedroom. It too was darkened, and I could make out a slim girl lying on a bed. There was a washcloth on her forehead that fell off when she sat upright at our approach. She cringed against the wall. â€Å"Who is it? I told you I didn’t want to see anyone†¦.† â€Å"It’s all right, Moria,† said her mother. â€Å"This is the queen. She’s come to talk to you. She’s not going to hurt you.† The girl wilted even more, blond hair covering half of her face. â€Å"No, no†¦She’s come with the others, come with her human blood to bind us and kill us and-â€Å" â€Å"Moria,† I said gently, holding my hands out as one would under a white flag. â€Å"She’s right. I’m not going to hurt you. I just want to talk to you. It won’t take long.† â€Å"They all say that,† Moria said, eyes wide with tears. â€Å"They all say they won’t hurt you†¦all the humans†¦you’re no different†¦they all say they aren’t†¦.† She lapsed into muttering too low for me to hear, her hands clinging to the covers. â€Å"I think,† Dorian murmured to me, â€Å"that her experience has left her†¦ah, a little touched. I doubt you’ll get anything useful from her. There’s a healer at Maiwenn’s court who’s particularly good with sickness of the mind. You should send for her.† I had a feeling he was right but had to make one more attempt. â€Å"I just want to know where you’ve been. Who took you. I want to make sure it doesn’t happen again. Tell me who it is, and I’ll stop them.† â€Å"No,† she breathed. â€Å"You’re the same†¦the same as him†¦the Red Snake Man.† â€Å"Red Snake†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I still had demons on the brain, and an image of their red and black mottled skin came to mind. Were they snake-like? â€Å"Moria, were you taken by demons? Or some kind of†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Hell, in the Otherworld, any monster you could imagine pretty much existed, as Smokey had shown us. â€Å"†¦um, snake monster?† She shook her head frantically. â€Å"Our own kind don’t hurt us. It’s only yours†¦you’re all the same†¦the human blood†¦all marked the same†¦.† Her eyes left my face and lowered. For a disorienting moment, I thought she was staring at my chest until I realized her gaze was on my arm. I absentmindedly touched the spot. It was where my snake tattoo coiled around my arm. Moria squeezed her eyes shut. â€Å"All the same†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I stiffened. â€Å"Did he†¦are you saying the person who took you had a tattoo like this on his arm?† â€Å"The Red Snake Man,† she whispered, still refusing to open her eyes. â€Å"Did he banish you? Did he force you to this world? Or did you come back on your own?† â€Å"Iron†¦iron everywhere†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I stared off at nothing for several seconds. â€Å"I’m done,† I said, turning to her parents. â€Å"She can rest now.† I left the house as swiftly as I’d come in, Dorian matching my pace. â€Å"What’s going on? That meant something to you.† I nodded, heading toward where Rurik stood with our horses. â€Å"I think I know who took her-and maybe the others. Not bandits or a monster. It was a human.† â€Å"How do you know that?† â€Å"Because of the tattoo.† The Red Snake Man. I’d seen a red snake tattoo just the other day-on Art. He’d had that on one arm and a raven on the other. â€Å"It’s another shaman, one who lives very close to where the crossroads around here opens up in my world.† He was also the shaman who had told me to my face he knew nothing about gentry girls. I came to a halt by the horses and absentmindedly stroked the side of mine. She looked back and sniffed me. â€Å"But why? Why would he take a gentry girl? Or more than one? His job is to get them out of our world. I could see him banishing them out of the human world†¦.That might traumatize her, but that doesn’t sound like what happened. She disappeared from this world. She made it sound like she didn’t want to be in the human world.† Dorian snorted. â€Å"Eugenie, where in your jaded existence did you pick up this naà ¯vete? If a human took one of our girls, it’d be for the same reason we’d take one of theirs. For the same reason any man would abduct a girl.† I blanched at his implications. â€Å"But more than one?† â€Å"He wouldn’t be the first man to prefer-ah, how shall we say it? Variety.† I couldn’t see it of Art, not the Art who happily tended his garden and offered us beer and pop. He’d known Roland for years. They’d worked together. Was Art truly a kidnapper and rapist? Or was the girl just traumatized from being banished? It could be a pretty horrific experience. I grimaced, feeling a sharp twisting in my stomach. I’d come too close to rape already in my life to treat even a hypothetical situation lightly. Was Moria a victim? Were there others like her out there? Maybe it wasn’t truly Art†¦and yet, her words had dark implications. The human blood. A mark like mine. The Red Snake Man. The crossroads to Yellow River. He had to be involved; I just didn’t know how. I gave the horse one last pat and then mounted. â€Å"I have to get home,† I said, turning back to Dorian and Rurik. There was some mistake here, some mix-up. Art wasn’t involved in this. He couldn’t be, at least not in the way Dorian had suggested. â€Å"I have to talk to someone. Immediately.† I waited for the requisite Dorian joke, but none came as he mounted his own horse. â€Å"Then we go different ways. Be careful, Eugenie.† For some reason, frankness and concern from Dorian was more disconcerting than his usual banter. â€Å"If I’m right about this, then it’s a human matter. Should be a cakewalk compared to what I deal with around here.† Dorian shook his head. â€Å"I’d have to disagree. Give me demons and restless spirits any day over human deceit. But if you need help, I’m here. Just ask.† Again, there should have been a joke here. I glanced away, troubled by the way he looked at me. â€Å"Thanks. Hopefully it’ll be a simple matter.† How exactly? That I didn’t know. I wasn’t sure that roughing Art up would really accomplish anything-if he truly was at fault here. â€Å"See you later, Dorian.† He nodded by way of a farewell. Then: â€Å"And of course, my dear, you may kill as many humans as you like, but please try not to harm any more of my subjects. If you can help it.† There it was, at last. The joke. â€Å"Noted,† I said. I attempted a glare, but there was a smile on my lips as I did. I set a hard pace back to my castle and the gateway that would bring me back to my own world. Crossing over at the Yellow River one would have been faster, but I needed to go to my home in Tucson and prepare myself before facing Art. Rurik matched my pace easily and mercifully stayed silent. He’d watched me and Dorian together the way a child watches his or her divorced parents, in the hopes that Mommy and Daddy might make amends someday. My whirling thoughts made the trip go fast-as did the land’s quick route today-and we were greeted with a commotion when we reached the castle’s outer borders. A group of guards came tearing toward us, and my heart seized. What now? A siege? Demons? Kiyo? Yet as they got closer, I could see that the guards almost looked†¦enthusiastic. â€Å"Your majesty! My lord! We found her.† Rurik and I drew our horses to a halt and climbed down. I felt my legs scream and knew I’d be sore later. I wasn’t so practiced a rider that I could ride like that without consequences. I ignored the pain and turned to the guards. â€Å"Who?† I demanded. â€Å"We have her. The girl. The runaway girl from Westoria,† said the guard, clearly pleased at his success. Rurik and I exchanged puzzled glances. â€Å"That’s impossible. We already saw her.† The guard shrugged. â€Å"We found her out near the steppes, by the Rowan Land border. She matches the description and was clearly afraid of us. She tried to run away.† â€Å"Take me to her,† I said helplessly. Had my guards found another of these kidnapped girls? It would certainly provide more information. He led us inside toward one of the little-used rooms, explaining that they hadn’t wanted to put her in the dungeon-although her fear and desire to escape had required a guard. His expression turned uncomfortable. â€Å"We, um, also had to bind her in iron. She kept attempting magic. They’re still not able to fully stop her.† A guard like this could never handle iron shackles without causing himself intense pain. Sometimes, though, prisoners would be bound in bronze cuffs with a tiny bit of iron affixed to them. It required delicate handling by the captors but was usually enough to stunt the prisoner’s magic. We reached the room, and the men on duty stepped aside for us to enter. There, across the room, a slim young woman had her back to us. Long blond hair cascaded down her back, and I had a weird, disorienting sense for a moment as my brain grappled with the possibility that Moria had somehow made it here before us. Then, as the girl slowly turned around, the torchlight began bringing out glints of red in the golden hair that little Moria hadn’t had. I realized what was happening even before I fully saw my prisoner’s face. â€Å"You have got to be kidding me,† I said. It was Jasmine. How to cite Thorn Queen Chapter Thirteen, Essay examples

Competitive Strategy Science Policy and Practice

Question: Discuss about the Competitive Strategy for Science Policy and Practice. Answer: Introduction Globalization Era has brought a high level of changes in the recent times. The uplifting of globalization has made various types of people from different country closer by permitting different variety of business possible globally (Beck 2015). The globalization era has incorporated positive impact and minimized the negative effect in the daily lives of all the people round the world. The globalization effect has exposed various types of business in new challenges. The improvements of the framework of globalization significantly control all challenges regarding globalization and generate competitive advantages all over the world. The report presented will discuss AAA strategies of Pharmaceutical Industries considering the companies Sun Pharmaceutical Industries and Pfizer Inc. The ICT industries are also taken for doing the project considering the companies IBM and Proctor Gamble. Pharmaceuticals Industries The challenges as well as the complexities faced by global economy were controlled by the theory developed by Pankaj Ghemawat. The theory developed by Pankaj Ghemawat is AAA triangle. The AAA stands for Adaption, Aggregation and Arbitrage. The three strategies developed by the famous economist were believed that it has the significant potential to successfully face the challenges introduced by globalization. Adaption includes the adjustments as well as the adoptions required for a company to make the operations and services appropriate for the local markets (Ford and King 2015). Aggregation helps the company in generating economy scale with the help of creation of business operations and simultaneously existing in the local markets. Arbitrage helps the company of achieving advantages in cost, currency differences and price. The pharmaceutical companies are having a rapid growth. The growths of the pharmaceutical companies are due to the up-gradation of the research and the advancement of the technologies that helps them in upcoming with the new drugs. The pharmaceutical companies undergoes certain processes like patenting, safety, testing, efficacy and marketing before the company finally launch the product. The invention of new drugs includes lot of investments of funds for the company (Frynas and Mellahi 2015). Therefore, the companies have to be very much sure about the feasibility of the products. The company must follow the strategies of AAA to gain competitive advantages over the rival company. The model followed for the strategic comparison is given below Industry Adaption Aggregation Arbitrage Pharmaceutical Industry Adaption Aggregation Arbitrage Sun Pharmaceutical Industries This company is the worlds fifth largest country. The company for having a global richness incorporates changes that are suitable according to the requirements of the country. The chemical composition they adapted also depends on the requirements of the specific countries. The ingredients used and the style of packaging was adapted according to the needs of the country. The style of packaging helps in holding the market and increase the face value of the company (Yeung 2015). The strong research of the company and the better implementation strategy gives the competitive advantage to the company over others. The company over the past ten years has been successfully challenging the patents consistently. The challenging on the patents are on the costly products in US. This helps in introducing cheaper products and good quality of generic versions to gain the share in the market. The company understood the significance of having a global richness to attain a significant growth. The company has successfully gained competing business globally. The company has still now extent nineteen branches globally that increase its global richness (Li et al. 2013). Being a pharmaceutical company having 19 companies globally is a great achievement of the company. The company has successfully constructed capability of research in the developed countries. This reduces the substantial cost that has greatly increased the capability of supplying the products at a much lower price. The company has most of the facility of manufacturing that reduces the cost of production (Contractor, Kumar and Dhanaraj 2015 ). This made the exports of the products in developing countries to sell at much more higher prices. Pfizer Inc The product to be sold at different countries other than the base countries needs modification of the products. Pfizer strategy for sale follows the above strategy in Latin America. The company abided by the differences of the cultural, regulatory and economic. These facts are taken into accounts for marketing the products. The specific steps taken by Pfizer are the extensive building of brands by outreaching the programs of community (Wachinger and Reuter 2016). The resourced devoted to work by the help of the pharmacists who plays a significant role in providing the medications to the patients. This company is an example, which shows administrative aggregation. If the company wants to sale the drug in the market of Europe for meeting the requirements of the countries where they want to sell the drug and get qualified for the registration of the drug (Thangakani et al. 2016). The registration for the qualification in different countries requires meeting their requirements according to their country and the sale of the products depends on the marketing in the respective country. The arbitrage of the company provides an example of Tax arbitrage. This benefits the company to have a cut off in the taxes. The company takes over the UK based company Astra Zeneca. The company is benefited as being a UK based company it does not have to pay any taxes on earning being a overseas company. The tax rate becomes lower. The rate of taxes on the patent products of UK is also very less (Baioao 2015). Therefore, the company is making much profit. Information and Communication Technologies Industry The significant goal of global strategy is the control the differences that are been responsible for creating larger borders. Considering an IT firm the adaptation includes seeking for boosting revenues and maximizing the share of the market considering the local relevance. It states that creation of local units in the national markets. This is considered the good job done if all the steps are been carried out following the supply chain. Aggregation aims to deliver the scale economics with the help of regional and global operations. This strategy contributes in standardization of the products or the offered service and integrating the development as well as the production process. Arbitrage relating to IT firms is defined as exploitation the difference of national markets and regional markets. It is done by identifying different parts of the supply chain in various locations like call centers in China, factories in Australia and retail shop in Europe. The companies those are been ext ending globally need to formulate the strategies of AAA to developed a standardized framework globally. The AAA those are correlated with various organizations (Campbell et al. 2015). When the company is focusing on adaptation, it becomes organization centric. When aggregation is the main aim of an organization crossing the border of the country to achieve global richness is the focus of the organisation. The enlightment of arbitrage is followed through a vertical and a functional explicit that pays attention in balancing the supply as well as demand in the boundaries of the organization. The AAA triangle is been applied for the software companies IBM and Proctor Gamble. ICT Industries Adaptation Aggregation Arbitrage IBM The first path of globalization was done by Nestle. The company started making small branches outside the home market. The following of the Adaptation strategy could expose the company to certain challenges. After that IBM followed the adaptation strategy. They started serving the markets in the overseas by constructing mini IBM in the country they targeted. Every people of this companies started operating a local model of business on a large basis, which permitted them to adapt the local differences as per the requirements (Franco et al. 2016). Therefore, to gain competitive advantages the company started building mini IBM that was a major adaptation strategy taken by them. The company has invested a lot of fund especially for the country centric marketing, which is an advantage for the organization. This also boost the appeal, which make the company to obtain focus form he clients. The company started aggregating the countries. The countries are been aggregated to regions. This improves the co-ordination and in turn helps in generating more economies of scale all over the world. The company started exploiting the differences globally. The company aims in achieving the balance within the AA strategy. The AA strategy includes Aggregation and Arbitrage. The company in obtaining the advantages and benefits of aggregation has laid a high emphasis on the delivery model of the global network. This helps in building a rational delivery structure, which includes three different software development centers (Kim et al. 2016). The development centers helps in servicing a large customer with a great depth in skill assisting with mature coding and high level of quality control processes. The regional centers gave importance on medium scales and laid focus on the local languages and the challenges regarding cultural distance. The centers in the near-shore are having small ca se and started focusing on obtaining the comfort of the customers by proximity. The effort of the company to exploit wage differential by maximizing the number of total employees. A report suggested that the employee number goes on increasing from nine thousand to forty three thousand from the year of 2004 to the mid of 2006. The planning done on the huge additional growth helps in gaining such an arbitrage. In 2005 TCS declared that they are going to sign a five year contract with ABN AMRO. TCS thought that they are going to produce approx 200 million. On the other hand, IBM had already done a bigger deal with the great Dutch Bank. The recent initiatives for the arbitrage are the matching of algorithm. This laid to optimizing of the assignments of the people dynamically through all the located branches of IBM globally. Krisha Nathan who is the director of IBM Research lab in Zurich gave a vivid description on the reasons of delivering an advanced model on the rocket science. Nathan describes that the resultant assignments patterns turned out to be 75% global an d 25% domestic (Buehlmaier and Zechner 2016). This matching devices are effective for arbitrage as a massive power shift is been noticed in the company. Proctor Gamble The company started following the strategy of IBM in the case of adaptation strategy. The adaptation strategy marked with the opening of mini PG branches to get a nicely fit in the local market. The planning of these strategies evolved out in a different way for the company. The units of global business of the companies are selling with the help of market development of the companies, which is aggregated to the regional level (Payaud 2014). The CEO of the company A.G.Lafley described that the company wants to adapt in the significant markets and the main goal of the company is to outplay the competitors. The main aim of the company is to beat the competitors by focusing on the country oriented multinationals. The aggregation strategies followed by the company includes installation of the structure of matrix. The significant interfaces of GBU/MDO broke in many functional areas. The company gained many success under the CEO Lafley as the CEO was successful in achieving the stability in between the adaption and aggregation. It gave the scope for the company for gaining the differences in the units of general business as well as markets. The structure of MDO helped in gaining the profit for the markets that is emerging (Yang et al. 2014). The decision grid of the company also plays a significant role as it is been formulated after years of negotiation. The protocols that are been designed for various decisions for the units of general business and constructing it. Lafley the CEO of the company stated that the arbitrage strategy is important for the company. The main scope for the arbitrage of the labor is based on the consumer goods that should be fast moving. The business for this company has a tendency of clustering at the top quartile (Jones, Siemsen and Balasubramanian 2015). This promotes the integration as well as helps in promoting the mutual understanding. The unit of the global business regional headquarters is integrated with the regional MDO headquarters. Conclusion The report focuses on the rapid growth of the major industries in the sector of pharmaceutical and ICT by applying the framework of AAA. The figure below suggested the strategy of the managers and the map they should follow. The percentage spent on advertising to sales is for the benefit of the company. The percentage spent for RD shows the significance of aggregation. The percentage of fund spent for the labor helps to understand the significance of arbitrage. The managers should start paying attention when the score is above median as these areas are the strategy for merit. The company should manage the differences of the cross border when the company is aiming for the global richness. The major factors the company should focus are on the technology and the policies of the trade. These factors help the company in restructuring. The company depends on the factors like the history of the globalization and financial statement. The company may face tough challenges in implementing AAA at the same time. Therefore, the recommended way by which the company could implement this strategy is by taking AA at one times and implementing them successfully. Reference List Baio, M.M.L.D.S., 2015.Equity Research-Pfizer Inc(Doctoral dissertation, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gesto). Beck, U., 2015.What is globalization?. John Wiley Sons. Buehlmaier, M.M. and Zechner, J., 2016. Financial media, price discovery, and merger arbitrage. Campbell, D., Datar, S.M., Kulp, S.L. and Narayanan, V.G., 2015. Testing strategy with multiple performance measures: Evidence from a balanced scorecard at Store24.Journal of Management Accounting Research,27(2), pp.39-65. Contractor, F.J., Kumar, V. and Dhanaraj, C., 2015. Leveraging India: Global interconnectedness and locational competitive advantage.Management International Review,55(2), pp.159-179. Ford, J.D. and King, D., 2015. A framework for examining adaptation readiness.Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,20(4), pp.505-526. Franco, J.M., Correia, F., Barbosa, R., Zenha-Rela, M., Schmerl, B. and Garlan, D., 2016. Improving self-adaptation planning through software architecture-based stochastic modeling.Journal of Systems and Software,115, pp.42-60. Frynas, J.G. and Mellahi, K., 2015.Global strategic management. Oxford University Press, USA. Jones Christensen, L., Siemsen, E. and Balasubramanian, S., 2015. Consumer behavior change at the base of the pyramid: Bridging the gap between for?profit and social responsibility strategies.Strategic Management Journal,36(2), pp.307-317. Kim, M., Mohindra, A., Muthusamy, V., Ranchal, R., Salapura, V., Slominski, A. and Khalaf, R., 2016. Building scalable, secure, multi-tenant cloud services on IBM Bluemix.IBM Journal of Research and Development,60(2-3), pp.8-1. Li, B., Sun, B., Qian, X., Li, W., Wu, Z., Sun, Z., Qiao, M., Duke, M. and Zhao, D., 2013. In-situ crystallization route to nanorod-aggregated functional ZSM-5 microspheres.Journal of the American Chemical Society,135(4), pp.1181-1184. Payaud, M.A., 2014. Marketing strategies at the bottom of the pyramid: Examples from Nestl, danone, and procter gamble.Global Business and Organizational Excellence,33(2), pp.51-63. Thangakani, A.M., Nagarajan, R., Kumar, S., Sakthivel, R., Velmurugan, D. and Gromiha, M.M., 2016. CPAD, Curated Protein Aggregation Database: A Repository of Manually Curated Experimental Data on Protein and Peptide Aggregation.PloS one,11(4), p.e0152949. Wachinger, C., Reuter, M. and Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, 2016. Domain adaptation for Alzheimer's disease diagnostics.NeuroImage. Yang, Y., Corona, A., Schubert, B., Reeder, R. and Henson, M.A., 2014. The effect of oil type on the aggregation stability of nanostructured lipid carriers.Journal of colloid and interface science,418, pp.261-272. Yeung, H.W.C., 2015. Regional development in the global economy: A dynamic perspective of strategic coupling in global production networks.Regional Science Policy Practice,7(1), pp.1-23.

First World War Essays - Bulgaria In World War I, World War I

First World War The First World War began as a spark and exploded into a merciless blood bath of money, power, and land. The little spark began in the mountainous Balkans of southeastern Europe where small state-sized nations argued back and forth. For hundreds of years many of these small nations were held under the gripping powers of Turkey, Russia, and Austria-Hungary. It started in the capital of Bosnia, Sarajevo. Bosnia was also a mini-nation of the Austria-Hungary Empire. On the day of June twenty-eight, 1914, the leader of Austria-Hungary and his wife were visiting the city. Shots rang out from a young Slavic nationalist heading for the two. They were both killed. This person lived in the neighboring nation of Serbia. Someone had to be blamed for the incident and all their fingers were pointing at Serbia. The spark soon turned into a flame as of July twenty-eight, exactly one month later, Austria-Hungary declared war on the neighboring nation of Serbia. Suddenly everyone felt they must help and the card game of Alliances was dealt. The leader of the Slavic people was essentially Russia. This enormous nation felt that they must aid Serbia and begins mobilizing troops to that area. Germany allied Austria-Hungary, and Russia was allied with France. Germany was now in a great deal of trouble; they had two very large and prosperous nations coming from the East and the West sides of Germany. Germany began to get a little claustrophobic. Fearful of an attack from both sides, Germany decided to attack first before they have time to gather. Germany declared war on Russia then two days later on France. Since France was only a small step away and is a lot smaller than Russia Germany chose to attack France first. Ignoring Belgium being a neutral country, Germany forced itself through anyway to get to France. This force England to enact its defense agreement with France and join the Allied powers. Among the allied powers when the war ended were Great Britain, Ireland, France, Portugal, Italy, Russia, Romania, Serbia, and Greece. In the opposing side the Central powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey. Other European nations stayed neutral. In America, people felt that the bloodshed of the civil war was enough to deal with and fifty years later with handling this war was too much. The optimistic Americans wanted to stay neutral. By staying neutral nations were to obey a new set of neutral rights. Any nations that were waged in war were allowed to stop and inspect neutral vessels at sea under international laws (which were not policed in any sort of way). This was in order to make sure that any ship was not the enemy under neutral flags. The warring nations were allowed to confiscate any materials such as weaponry, if found. German submarines were threatening these special rights called the freedom of the seas. President Wilson strictly warned if any American ship was hurt, they would pay. Germany killed numbers of people with their submarines and sank three American ships. This heeded for Wilson to call upon the American people to make preparations in case there is war. On April second, 1917, President Wilson asked for a declaration of war against Germany. The world must be safe for democracy, he said, as he insisted the Americans to fight for peace and safety to make the world truly free. One fear that struck the American people was the fact the Great Britain controlled the Monroe Doctrine by policing it and they also controlled the sea to allow safe trade with their advanced Navy. If Great Britain were to lose to the Germans, trade would significantly decrease and the government would be forced to spend mass amounts of money on a superb Navy. President Wilson wanted to ensure the American people of their ideals back in the 1900s of freedom, and justice all over the world. President Wilson developed his famous fourteen points. Secret diplomacy was to be abolished. All treaties would be open covenants openly arrived at. The bright light of publicity would make rulers ashamed to trade away other peoples lives and liberties. Freedom of the seas would be restored. National borders would be adjusted to

Determining Databases and Data Communications Essays (1013 words)

Determining Databases and Data Communications Essays (1013 words) Determining Databases and Data Communications BIS/320 Determining Databases and Data Communications Scenario 1 You need to track data about booth components, equipment, shippers, and shipment. List typical fields for each type of data. Provide an example of two relationships that you need to track. In order to describe fields for each type of data it is first important to understand just what a field is in this context. According to Techopedia (2015), when describing databases a field is a set of data values within a table which define data. An example of fields relating to the booth components data may include a list of the components included in the booth as well as information relating to whether the components were shipped out in use or in stock at the office. Additionally fields relating to the date of shipment may also be included. Like the booth components, fields describing each piece of equipment may be used. Fields relating to the location of the equipment as well as the date shipped are also important. Fields relating to the shippers data may include the name of the person as well as the date shipped. There could also be a field containing information as to whether the items shipped were damaged when in the shippers care. Similarly the shipment data could include fie lds describing what is included in the shipment as well as the name of the person performing the shipping. Additionally, the date and quality of shipment could also be included. One example of a relationship that may need to be tracked is that between shipper and shipment. Each shipper could possess a designated number that could then be used in the shipment table to identify who is performing the shipment. This allows for easy identification of who is shipping the equipment. Additionally, each piece of equipment could be labeled with a unique identification number that could be used relationally in the shipment table. When looking at the shipment table both the equipment and shipper are easily identifiable. This allows easy tracking of all necessary information pertaining to the shipment. Do you need a database system? If not, can Excel handle the data and the output? What are the advantages and disadvantages? While Excel could be used for storing data pertaining to scenario 1, a database system would provide a more in-depth description of what is happening. A database system is also advantageous because it provides the ability to sync information from multiple tables and sources. Ultimately, Excel could handle the input of data but would not produce the output of data and information. Kroenke (2014) states, lists of data involving a single theme can be stored in a spreadsheet; lists that involve data with multiple themes require a database (pg. 108). Excel possesses many advantages including the ability to more easily and quickly enter and manipulate data. However, the output of information received from Excel is very limited. This information is more black and white than the information retrieved from databases. Utilization of databases is advantageous due to the wealth of knowledge received from the manipulation of data. However, databases are often more complicated and require more time and ability for utilization. Would you use a personal database or an enterprise database? Explain your answer. While an enterprise database would allow multiple users and provide numerous additional features, a personal database is sufficient for scenario 1. This is because the marketing assistant is in charge of all aspects of managing the trade shows. For this reason, a personal database should provide the capabilities needed to organize and manage the task of tracking and managing equipment. However, limited details are provided, if the marketing assistant were constantly collaborating with and sharing this information with multiple coworkers an enterprise database system would become more appropriate. Would a decision support system (DSS) be helpful? Explain your answer. A well-designed DSS aids decision makers in compiling a variety of data from many sources: raw data, documents, personal knowledge from employees, management, executives and business models ("Decision Support System," 2015). Regardless of whether utilizing a personal database or enterprise database a decision support system could provide help. One example of how this system could provide help in scenario 1 is through identifying shippers who repeatedly

Common LISP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Common LISP - Research Paper Example Table 1 shows some of the mostly used implementations of Common Lisp (Daniel, 2010). Common Lisp has been the chosen Lisp dialect in various development industries worldwide. One such industry is the Web. Some online shopping sites such as â€Å"Yahoo! Store† provide its users with a WYSIWYG editor for editing their online store through any standard web browser (Graham 2003). This editor is developed in Common Lisp. CL-HTTP is public domain web server developed by MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab. Some big companies such as AT&T have been using Common Lisp in their telecom systems. A UK based company, Harlequin, is known to have provided Common Lisp based products and consultancy services to AT&T (Kantrowitz 1994). Xanalys Ltd is another giant company that has been using Common Lisp within their application products. Xanalys LinkEXPLORER, is one of their products that is developed in LispWorks (an implementation of Common Lisp) (Levine & Pitman 2010). Besides being used in internet web services, telecom industry, document translation, fraud detection in credit cards as well as crime investigation, CL has successfully been used in applications related to analysis of investments, finances, tracking of trends in stock markets, airline scheduling systems, space exploration, robotics, process planning, process scheduling, chemistry, physics and medicine. All these discussed application areas have a common trait; the problem structure is usually too complex. The following discussion depicts the situations where it is generally advised to use CL to simplify complex problems. Common Lisp has been used in the field of Artificial Intelligence since its inception. Although it may not be an optimal solution for common problems involving bulk processing based on clear cut, well defined data, yet it can still be used in these system. In a business accounting system that usually involves straight

Create a Design for a Wireless Campus Area Network Essay

Create a Design for a Wireless Campus Area Network - Essay Example Lot of learning institutes has implemented a Campus area network. The campus area network connects to two or more local area networks of any two remote offices within limited geographical locations. The connectivity involves synchronization of data and applications such as intranet (Campus area network.2007).The network devices and computing equipments have to be reliable and extendable, if the faculty staff increases. The network design for the CAM requires an expandable and efficient network that will fulfill the requirements of speed, distance and cost. Radio Frequency Solution The radio frequency solution is quite achievable in the current scenario. As the city government offices require wireless connectivity ‘access points’ are of major concern. ‘Access points’ are the deployed to connect devices equipped with wireless technology. ‘Access points’ transmits and receive radio signals adjacent to a network hub over a limited distance. However, distance varies from different model types and the technology adopted. An IEEE 802.11n wireless network standard is recommended for connecting all the city government offices. 802.11n supports transmission speeds up to 150 Mbps and beyond. 802.11n works on 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands (802.11n definition from PC magazine encyclopedia). Cisco is recommended for the Wi-Fi solution.

Mate Selection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mate Selection - Essay Example (Greenberg, et. al., 2011, p. 73) Communication also involves sexual communication. Intimacy also plays a big role in the success of a relationship. An individual who would like to let another person be a part of his or her life for a long period of time will search for someone who can share his or her views on sex. I think an example of this can be found in the movie The Mirror Has Two Faces starring Barbra Streisand as Rose and Jeff Bridges as Gregory. In this movie, Rose is a plain-looking but witty and charming woman who had been single all her life and would like to find a handsome man to marry. Gregory, on the other hand, is a smart and sexually active professor who is trying to find a life-partner who is plain and not sexually attractive. Because sex is always appealing to him, Gregory is usually in a dilemma with sexually attractive partners because he gets easily distracted and loses focus. The two eventually marry but later separate because Rose is dissatisfied with the lack of intimacy in the marriage. Even if they were able to consequently resolve their sexual problem during the movie, their obvious miscommunication was the main reason for their separation. Another example, this time in real-life, is what happened to someone I know. He is American and married a Japanese woman. After having their child, the wife started sleeping in the child’s room more often than sharing her husband’s bed. The couple also did not have sex as often as they did before. After a year, the American husband filed for divorce. Now, he is married to an American woman who enjoys drinking, rock music and sex like he does. He says it is like being married to himself. An example of a successful relationship based on communication is that of the longest married couple in America. John and Ann Betar of Connecticut celebrated their 80th wedding anniversary in November 2012. (Sher, 2013) When

Control Of A Switched Reluctance Motor Engineering Essay

Control Of A Switched Reluctance Motor Engineering Essay The main objective of this chapter is to spot the light on the practical performance of some form of control on an actual switched reluctance motor in preference to merely theoretical method including simulation and modelling. Moreover, the design of the controller involves reducing the noise. The crucial motivation for this is to enhance new expertise, sensibly regarding circuit design and construction the use of a Programmable interface controller (PIC). A switched reluctance motor (SRM) has been appeared since the nineteenth century, but the renewal of this motor has been to discover a high-power switched device [13]. The earlier motor was facing a controversial issue in their control where the power electronic switching was very expensive and has many drawbacks. The Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) is an electromagnetic, rotary machine in which torque is produced by the tendency of its movable part to move to a position where the inductance of the excited winding is maximized [12]. Furthermore, (SRM) has been proposed for variable speed applications [13]. In general a salient-pole synchronous machine without field excitation or permanent magnet is called a reluctance machine. From the general definition (SRM) is classified as a synchronous machine, but has different construction. These differences are both stator and rotor have salient poles. However, the stator has wound field coils but the rotor has no coils or permanent magnet. Moreover, the stator has higher number of poles or (tooth) than the rotor. While each pole in the rotor is excited by the opposite pole in the stator due to a sequence of current pulses which produce magnetic field on each stator poles. The Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) can be more capable for variable speed than AC and DC motor. Since it is simple, robust, has a high efficiency and high power density [3, 10, 12]. Figure 1.1: two- two poles SRM [12] Over the past 30 years the power electronics growth has made the exploit of the characteristics of reluctance machines sufficiently well. Consequently, several successful products are now manufactured. The rotation of the motor depends on the angle between the rotor poles and the stator poles where the current is switched on or off to each poles in the stator where the position of the rotor is very significant. For the motoring principle example, two- two poles (SRM) where stator has two poles with two wound field coils connected in series and two poles in the rotor without magnets or windings and free to rotate as it shown in figure 1.1. If the rotor poles edge is started to be aligned, the current is switched on. Consequently, the inductance is increased and the torque in the rotor is occurred to pull the rotor in clockwise direction. The direction of the rotation is addressed by the current. The current is switched off; when the rotor poles are fully aligned with the stator poles that make the rotor free to move. However, if the current is not switched off the torque at the fully aligned is become negative that produces an attraction between the poles where the negative torque and positive torque cancel each other [12]. The ideal current waveform is therefore a series of pulses synchronized with the rising inductance intervals. The cycle of torque production associated with one current pulse is called a stroke.[12] As a result, to increase the resolution more teeth can be add to the stator and the rotor. From the instantaneous electromagnet torque equation which was derived by T.J.E.Miller(2001) [12] Te = i2/2 dL/dÃŽÂ ¸ that shows the torque is proportional to the square of the current. Therefore, the current is always unipolar. However, at the end of each stoke the voltage must be reversed to return the flux linkage to zero. The power switching IGBT, GTO and MOSFET or any other switching devices can be used in the power electronic topologies [3]. These switches are used to open and close the exiting power in the stator winding. 1.5. Applications of SRM Since the SRM has a significant characteristic operation and design which shows many advantages and makes them suitable for various applications. R.Krishnan (2001) [10] shows the wide range of applications. For example, plotter drive, air-handler motor drive, hand fork lift/ pallet truck motor drive, door actuator and washers and dryers machine, those applications are low power applications where the drives are less than 3hp. Moreover, the medium power applications range is less than 300kw such as industrial general purpose drive, train air conditioning drive and mining drive. However, the SRM did not find much attention by the manufacturers in this range of power. The high power drives are still under study for drives up to 1000hp for fan and pump applications where the converter is very competitive. The high speed applications such as screw rotary compressor drives, centrifuge for medical applications, and aerospace applications the SRM is a perfect option for them due to the small size of the rotor and high power density. Some efforts of study are in Mild Hybrid Vehicles that is reported by (Watterson, P.A. ; et al) [17] in 2008. 1.6 Research area Since the SRM has appeared and has disadvantages such as reduction of acoustic noise and torque ripple. According to the noise and vibration sources can be classified into four main categories: magnetic, mechanical, aerodynamic, and electronic. The classification was done by R.Krishnan (2001) [10] as it shows in figure 1.2. Most researches are based on the design of the motor or in the controller to improve the motor performers and reduce the noise. Iqbal Husain (1994) [8] discusses the effect of the high ripple toque which causes vibration and acoustic noise. The case was in driving SRM for low speed and high performance applications by a new PWM strategy current control. The method was based on optimum profiling of the phase current during an extended overlapping conduction period of two phases. The result shows a smooth operation with minimum torque pulsations by controlling the current profiling. Moreover, other studies were in magnetic radial force as M. N. Anwar (2000) [1] show s the lower noise is occurred when the dominant mode frequencies is high. As a result the research has experimented a proposed design considerations to a 4-phase, 8/6 (1-repetition) and a 3-phase, 12/8 (2-repetition) 1.0 kW SRM with low acoustic noise requirement. The results of the proposal design shows that the noise level has been reduced; however, a 3-phase SRM is noisier than a 4-phase SRM. There are other research was on reducing the noise by Adding extra winding to the phase winding to reduce magnetic stress during commutations with Two stage power converter. Adding extra winding to the phase winding in 6/4 SRM with Two stage power converter shows a significant improvement in the efficiency and reduce in the vibration and noise [16]. The electronic sources of noise occur by reason of the harmonics of voltage and current. The significant research is reported by (Lecointe J.P; et al) in (2004) [11]. The research was in adding an auxiliary winding to the model of a BDFRM (brus hless doubly-fed reluctance machine) to shows that the additional winding has a benefit in reducing the noise in SRMs where a specially derived current is injected to create a suppression force. The BDFRM is used to analyse the equivalent circuit where the equivalent circuit of the model is similar to SRM. However, the process still needs to be complete using two current sources. Figure 1.2: sources of noise in electrical machines [10] Advantages and disadvantages of 3 basic power electronic circuits There are many power electronic topologies that is used for SRM depends on the machine phase configurations. R. Krishnan (2001) [10], figure 1.3, has classified the power converters for switched reluctance machines. The simple three topologies are: Figure 1.3: Classification of power converters for SRM [10] 1.7.1. Single-Switch-per-Phase Circuits (Split dc supply converter) The basic operation of this topology, figure 1.4, is to split the reverse dc power supply into two capacitors. The phase voltage is half the dc voltage when the switch is on and negative half voltage when the switch is off. Consequently, this configuration is a disadvantage. Moreover, the maximum speed and the output power are half the rated while the current and the voltage are half. This topology is only used for low-cost application due to the high power losses. However, the advantages of this topology are: simple and less cost. [3, 10] Figure 1.4: Single-Switch-per-Phase Circuits (Split dc supply converter) [10] 1.7.2. Single-Switch-per-Phase Circuits (Bifilar type) The basic operation of this topology uses a bifilar winding, figure 1.5, with the motor winding to regenerate the stored energy to the supply that the phase winding is connected in series with the switch, and the diode is connected in series with the bifilar winding. The reflected energy is an advantage for this topology in some applications, where the transistor voltage is much higher than the supply voltage. However, the cost increases as the extra winding is added to the motor and the complex design of the power electronic. Moreover, the power density of the motor reduces because of the bifilar winding. [3,10] Figure 1.5: Single-Switch-per-Phase Circuits (Bifilar type) [10] 1.7.3. Two-switch/phase Asymmetric Bridge Converter From the half bridge topology that is illustrated in figure 1.6. if both Q1 and Q2 are turned on the apply voltage at the winding is equal to the supply voltage. However, if both Q1 and Q2 are turned off the apply voltage at the winding is equal to a negative supply voltage where D1 and D2 to avoid the freewheel currents. The advantages of this topology that it can give a negative voltage to reduce the torque ripple refer to noise for a high performance SRM drive system and it can be used for generator or motor operations. The disadvantages more control is needed, more fault in the switching [3, 10, 12]. Figure 1.6: Two Switched / Phase Asymmetric Bridge Converter [12] 1.8 Speed and Position Controller The switched-reluctance motor is basic control system form of a torque-controlled drive as compared in performance to a D.C motor (separately-excited). Commonly, controlled speed or even position is the most requirements. The SR motors speed increases if torque is still produced. As the D.C. drive the torque of SR motor controller is included within a speed regulating loop. The rotor position sensor, which is the encoder, is used as a feedback to derive the speed of the motor readily as it shown in figure 1.7. From the figure it can be seen that an additional feedback is introduced to achieve the position control of the SRM [3]. Figure 1. 7: basic speed and position controller for SRM [3] Aims and Objectives The aims of the project are to design, build and test a power electronic circuit for Switched Reluctance motor (SRM) using Bifilar type. The objectives are as following: Understand the operation of two- two poles SRM to realise the behavior of the motor and their characteristic. We can know from their characteristic how to make the motor spin and the control techniques that is used for them. Select and Design Power Electronic Circuit can help to active a high efficiency, low noise and low cost. Test Power Electronic Circuit with Resistive Load: to find the advantages and disadvantages of the circuit when the resistive load is applied to the motor. Design, Build and Test current limiting circuit where the current limitation can achieve low torque rebel. From the low torque rebel the noise can be decrease. Rotate motor using direct feedback where the position of the rotor is important to detect the moment of switching on and off. Study and understand PIC 18F 46K20. Program PIC to control SR Motor by designing a simulation using the MATLAB or other programmes. Chapter 2 Choosing power electronic component 2. Overview Over the time motor control has a significant growth in the industrial control where digital signal processors together with external hardware and appropriate software are used widely. In order to control the motor the switching device should switch on and off according to the position of the motor rotor and the apply current to the stator winding. The aim of this chapter is to highlight the details of the components that were used in the controller design. 2.1 Technical operation of Simple SRM The simple SRM has 2 poles in the stator and 2 poles in the rotor, figure 1 which the stator iron core has square shape with two winding in the upper side opposite the poles. Both stator and rotor are salient poles where the free spinning rotor is placed between the stator poles. In order to spin the rotor, stator poles are energised by the winding when the rotor poles are unaligned with stator poles. The inductance increased and the torque is produced as the rotor approaches the aligned. At this point the stator winding is demagnetised allows the rotor free to spin. The time of the energised and de-energised of the motor windings depend on the rotor speed. Figure 2.1: (a) Simple SRM 2/2 poles with bifilar winding[12] 2.3 Winding connections The motor has a bifilar winding to build up the current in the stator quickly, figure 1, which facilitates the higher torque and magnetic flux densities occurring. As a result the stored energy regenerated to the supply that the phase winding is connected in series with the switch device. This leaded to three achievable connections, figure 2, for bifilar winding. Figure 2.2: Possible winding connections The first connection shows the parallel connection that has a resistance connected in parallel to the motor windings to reduce the power losses when the switch is off. This connection has the main disadvantage due to the high loss. The second connection shows series connection that two switching devises are used which increase the cost of the design. However, this topology is the most common one for SRM according to reduce the switching heat losses, protections and their control flexibility that is handling the phase current and the machines acoustic noise. The third connection is the most cost effective and easier to control for the simple SRM figure 2. Moreover, it is offering the zero voltage supply as a reference for all power switching that make it suitable for low- voltage systems. Simply this configuration operates as it shows in figure 2.3, When the current of phase-A is turned off by removing the base drive signal to T1, the induced EMF in the winding is of such polarity that D1 is forward biased. This leads to the circulation of current through D1, the bifilar secondary winding, and the source, thus transferring energy from the machine winding to the source. The various timing waveforms of the circuit are shown in Figure 2.3. During current turn-off, the applied voltage across the bifilar secondary winding is equal to the dc link voltage. The voltage reflected into the main winding is dependent upon the turns ratio of the windings. Considering the turns ratio between the main winding in series with the power switch and the aux iliary winding in series with the diode as a, the voltage across the power switch is VT 1 = Vdc + aVdc =(1 + a)Vdc This shows that the voltage across T1 can be very much greater than the source voltage. One switch per phase comes with a voltage penalty on the switch. The volt ampere (VA) capability of the switch will not be very different for one switch compared to two switches per phase circuit. [10] Figure 2.3: (a) Converter for an SRM with bifilar windings; (b) operational waveforms of bifilar converter. [10] Thus, Figure 4 shows the primary plan for designing the current limiting circuit for the third connection of SRM and each block are explained next. Figure 2.4 basic configurations for current limiting 2.4. Power switching component Nowadays semiconductor and electronic switching devices offer a significant performance to control the electrical motors. Moreover, their size and cost make them more convenient to use in the motor control. The electronic devices has a significant role to control SRM where the switching on and off for the voltage is the major role to control the SRM with high performance. As a result, the main electronic devices that can be used are field effect transistors. There are two types of the field-effect transistor J-FET and MOSFET (see the appendix figure 3) [4]. The MOSFET has taken a widely role as a best choice to the simple SRM for many reasons that is discussed later in this chapter. 2.4.1 N-channel power MOSFET (STP36NF06) Simply the MOSFET is a metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor where the MSFET has a significant characteristic [2]. The characteristic of N-channel MOSFET shows a significant use in switching. The structures of the MOSFET are shown in figure 5 where the MOSFET consist of Si P material substrate, two N material substrate that one is the source and the other is drain, and between them there is an insulator Sio2 and at the top metal conductor which is known as a gate. The length (L) below the gate and between the source and the drain is known as a channel. Fundamentally, the MOSFET output current is proportional to the charge in the semiconductor material by the control electrode[15]. Figure 5 MSFET structures [6] The MOSFET is used as a switching device to provide a high speed switching. The significant advantages of the field-effect transistor are: Higher operation temperature. Lower switching leakage. High input impedance. Low noise. Lower power dissipation during switching. In addition, The N-channel MOSFET has advantages such as ease to use for high frequency switching and simpler to control where the MOSFET gate drive do not require a continuous current to switch ON. When the MOSFET is needed to switch ON positive threshold voltage is needed to apply to the gate drive and Zero current to completely switch off. Moreover, the N-channel MOSFET has higher density integration and possible in rapid reduction in capacitances. [2]. MOSFET (STP36NF06) gate requires drive properly the later components are used to limit the current and the gate signal for the MOSFET. The gate drive is a power amplifier that accepts a low power input from a controller devices and generate the appropriate high current gate drive for a power MOSFET[4]. 2.5. Bipolar junction Transistor Transistors are considered one of the main elements of semiconductors that have been discovered in modern times. Transistors are used in the amplifiers of electrical signals and electronic switching, which have helped a number of factors such as small size, ease in manufacturing, cost effective and consume less power to extend significantly. Figure 2.6 (a) transistor structures (b) npn and pnp structures 2.5.1. ZTX 653 NPN transistor The NPN transistor is a type of bipolar transistors known as a medium power transistor. The NPN ZTX 653 transistor has interesting features that make it suitable for the push pull topology and amplifier topology (pre totem pole connections). The features of NPN ZTX 653 transistor are [6] * 100 Volt VCEO * 2 Amp continuous current * Low saturation voltage * Ptot=1 Watt 5.5.2. ZTX 753 PNP transistor The PNP transistor is another type of bipolar transistors that is used in the push pull topology. The PNP ZTX 753 transistor is suitable to employ in the push pull topology (Totem Pole) according to their features. Their features are [6] * 100 Volt VCEO * 2 Amp continuous current * Low saturation voltage * Ptot=1 Watt Figure 2.7: npn and pnp characters 2.5.3 Gate drivers (Totem Pole) This type of connection is known as a discrete drivers or push pull drives which is in common use today. Figure 2.8 shows the complimentary arrangement pair bipolar NPN and PNP emitter configuration. Moreover, the N-channel and P-channel MOSFT can be employing for totem pole connection. However, the N-channel and P-channel MOSFT driver suffers from shoot through current, caused by the threshold voltage overlap during ON and OFF transitions, resulting in increased drive power requirements [9]. Figure 2.8: push pull configuration The bipolar Totem Pole, figure 2.8, is non-inverting and offers no voltage gain to improve the pre-driver rise or fall times. It does provide current gain to reduce the driver impedance to speed the charge and discharge of the device capacitances. Once the input capacitances are charged and the power device has been switched, the driver does not require holding current. It has medium speed and does not perform well at higher conversion frequencies [9]. This circuit uses a complementary pair of transistors similar betas and power rating one is an npn power Darlington, and the other is a pnp power Darlington. When a high voltage (e.g., +15 V) is applied to the input, the upper transistor (npn) conducts, allowing current to pass from the positive supply through the motor and into ground. If a low voltage (0 V) is applied to the input, the lower transistor (pnp) conducts, allowing current to pass through the MOSFET gate from ground into the negative supply terminal.[14] 2.5.4. Common emitter amplifier (inverter) This configuration is a simple electronic circuit that is used to boost and invert the low signal. Figure 2.9 shows the circuit that contain a high resistance value with NPN transistor. The low signal is switch on and off the transistor where the resistance is limiting the current that apply to the transistor. This topology is used to boost and invert the output of signal processing unit to appropriate the signal that can switch the MOSFET as it will be discussed in the following point. Figure 2.9 common emitter configuration 2.6. Current control and limiting The winding current is controlled inorder to be not more than 8A. When the MOSFET is switched ON without any current limiting circuit, the current shoots up without any control. As a result, the technique for current limiting is arranged as follows When the winding current is less than 8A the MOSFET switches ON. When the winding current is exceeds 8A the MOSFET switches OFF. Therefore for appropriate current control, square wave signal is applied to the gate of the MOSFET. The frequency of input signal at the gate of the MOSFET is take into account to make the MOSFET switch properly with regard to the above current control arrangement. In order to do that feedback from the source of the MOSFET is carried to non-inverting terminal of the comparator. Figure 10 shows the operational waveform of the MOSFET. It can be seen that, the MOSFET needs to switch off when the voltage at inverting input of the comparator reaches 0.8V and switch on when the voltage is zero. Moreover, the reference voltage is 0.8 volt from the voltage divider law when a 0.1ÃŽÂ © resistance is connected to the source of the MOSFET. The 555 timer can offer the control of MOSFETs switching frequency. Figure 2.10: the expected waveforms from the design. 2.6.1 Timer NE555P The 555 timer IC is an incredibly useful precision timer that can act as either a timer or an oscillator. In timer mode is known as monostable mode the 555 simply acts as a one-shot timer; when a trigger voltage is applied to its trigger lead, the chips output goes from low to high for a duration set by an external RC circuit. In oscillator mode is known as astable mode the 555 acts as a rectangular-wave generator whose output waveform (low duration, high duration, frequency, etc.) can be adjusted by means of two external RC charge/discharge circuits.[14] In this project the monstable circuit is highlighted due to it has one stable state. Figure 2.11 (a) monostable configuration of timer 555 (b) monostable operations[14] In the monostable configuration, figure 2.11(before a trigger pulse is applied) the 555s output is low, while the discharge transistor in on, shorting pin 7 to ground and keeping C discharged. Also, pin 2 is normally held high by the 10-k pull-up resistor. Now, when a negative-going trigger pulse (less than 1à ¢Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾3VCC) is applied to pin 2, comparator 2 is forced high, which sets the flip-flops Q_ to low, making the output high (due to the inverting buffer), while turning off the discharge transistor. This allows C to charge up via R1 from 0 V toward VCC. However, when the voltage across the capacitor reaches 2à ¢Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾3VCC, comparator 1s output goes high, resetting the flip-flop and making the output low, while turning on the discharge transistor, allowing the capacitor to quickly discharge toward 0 V. The output will be held in this stable state (low) until another trigger is applied [14]. According to the operation of the monstable the pulse width can be modified by changing the value of R1 and C. T= 1.11 R1C Thus, to obtain capable functioning of the circuit the variable resistance R1 with a maximum value 100KÃŽÂ © and the threshold capacitance C value is 100nf are chosen. The timer input is the output of the comparator where the two values of the voltage are compared to make the output of the timer based on these two values. The two voltages are one is 5V and the other is the feedback from the MOSFETs source. 2.6.2. (LM393) Comparator The comparator is used to compare the voltage between the source voltage and the feedback from the MOSFET. This is important to control the current by triggering the timer to limit the current as it is mentioned before. LM393 has several advantages for timer input which are Higher accuracy in comparators. High voltage range (2.0V to 36V) Biasing with lower input current. Lower input offset current  ±5 nA Figure 2.12 LM393 connections to the circuit In order to establish the reference voltage variable resistance is required in the voltage dividers law. The operation of the comparator is simply as follows If IN+ > IN- the comparator output = V8. If IN+ From the previous operation it can be seen that the comparator send the signal to trigger the input of the timer and the timer acts upon the applied signal therefore the MOSFET switches on and off with regard to the timer output. However, the output of the timer switches on the MOSFET when the current is high which will be disastrous to the motor. To avoid this not to happen, a design of logic gates are incorporated in the current limiting topology of the SRM. 2.6. 3. Logic gate design (SN74LS00N) Logic gate is designed according to the output of the timer which gives the positive pulses when the current exceeds to 8A and no pulse when the current is less than 8A. With the purpose of switch (totem pole) the gate of the MOSFET turns on and off at required instants of time using an external Drive Signal. Figure 2.13 shows the technique of the combination between the Drive Signal and the timer output to control the MOSFET. SN74LS00N has four NAND gates that can be used to reduce the number of ICs in PCB connection. The logic gate is connected to the timer output which will be inverted with a common emitter configuration to switch on the MOSFET when the timer output is low (Itimer Figure 2.13: (a) SN74LS00N chip (b) logic circuit connection (c) NAND gate logic signal. The MOSFET behaviour that is need according to the timer output is shown in table 1. To do that the NOT gate, OR gate and AND gate are needed before the pre totem pole connections (common ammeter topology). Current condition Timer(A) Drive Signal(B) Output of the logic gate (C) MOSFET gate signal (Output after totem pole) I > 8A MOSFET must be off 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 I MOSFET can be on 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 Table 2.1 digital signal behaviour Boolean algebra From the logic gate output we can get the function: (1) This function can be simplified (2) Figure 2.14 (a) logic gate from equation 2 (b) table shows the equavelant NAND gates [7](c) the final simblified gates using the table (b) 2.7 Curant limiting circuit simulation Curent limiting circuit ,figure 2.15 , is the simulation circuit and the combination of each part that discussed previously. Figure 2.15: current limiting circuit